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Jacques Élie Henri Ambroise Ner (7 December 1861 – February 6, 1938), also known by the pseudonym Han Ryner, was a French individualist anarchist philosopher and activist and a novelist. He wrote for publications such as ''L'Art social'', ''L'Humanité nouvelle'', ''L'Ennemi du Peuple'', ''L'Idée Libre de Lorulot''; and ''L'En dehors'' and ''L'Unique'' of fellow anarchist individualist Émile Armand. His thought is mainly influenced by stoicism and epicureanism. == Life == He was born in Nemours (now Ghazaouet, Tlemcen Province), Department of Orán, French Algeria in a modest religious family. After the death of his mother, he abandoned Catholicism, associated himself with Freemasons and started having an interest in social ideas. He published 2 novels in 1894–1895 and also later started working as a journalist. After that he took a teacher position but struggled in having to fit in in such a disciplined environment. He becomes a prolific literary writer. In 1896, he adopted the pseudonym "Han Ryner" and started writing for such magazines as ''L'Art social'', ''L'Humanité nouvelle'' of Augustin Hamon, ''L'Ennemi du Peuple'' of Emile Janvion and ''L'Idée Libre''. From here he started collaborating in the important individualist anarchist magazine ''L'EnDehors'' and ''L'Unique'' of Émile Armand. In 1900 he wrote the essay ''Le crime d'obéir'' (the crime of obeying) and in 1903 he wrote the essay ''Petit manuel individualiste'', in which he presented his anarchist individualist doctrine influenced by classic Greek stoicism in the works of Epictetus. By the 1920s his thought starts having an important influence in Spain within individualist anarchist circles especially through the translations of his work by Juan Elizalde. Han Ryner started writing in Spanish individualist journals such as ''Ética'', which already had an important influence of the thought of Ryner.〔("Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez )〕 The Brazilian individualist anarchist Maria Lacerda de Moura took the task of making his philosophy and writing become known in the Portuguese-speaking world.〔Xavier Diez. (L'Anarquisme individualista amb Espanya ).〕 With the First World War approaching. Han Ryner embraces pacifist and anti-war positions and promotes conscience objection. In his anti-war activism he collaborates with Émile Armand. He campaigned for the liberation of Eugène Dieudonné in 1913; for that of Émile Armand during the war; for the mutiny in the Black Sea, and for the Italian-American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti and for the Ukrainian anarchist Nestor Makhno. A radical anticlerical, he adhered to the World Committee against War and Fascism. He also opposed World War I on pacifist anti militaristic grounds. He was a rare case of an anarchist participating in the Félibrige. He died in Paris on February 6, 1938. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Han Ryner」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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